keywords: Blood meal, cattle, goat, mineral composition, sheep, atomic absorption spectroscopy.
The study assessed the effect of steam processing on the mineral element content of five composite sample of blood meal sourced from each of cattle, goat and sheep. The mineral composition of five composite samples of blood meal sourced from each of cattle, goat and sheep were analysed for the presence of the following mineral elements: sodium and potassium using flame photometry; phosphorus using colorimetric technique; while calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and nickelusing atomic absorption spectroscopy respectively for both the steam processed and non-steam processed blood meal. The result indicated that steam processing significant elevate the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and manganese while zinc and nickel content depreciates but the concentration of iron and copper remains unaffected by steam processing in the various blood meal sourced from cattle, goat and sheep (P<0.05).
Agricultural & Rural Development, 2002. Trace Minerals for Beef Cows. Agricultural andRural Development, Alberta document. Association of Official Analytical Chemist 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Edition. AOAC, Washington, DC. ATSDR, 1999. Health Guidelines Comparism Values Agency for Toxic substances and disease Registry. Ehi-Eromosele CO, Adaramodu AA, Anake WU, Ajanaku CO & Edobor-Osoh A 2012. Comparison of three methods of digestion for trace metal analysis in surfacedust collected from an e-waste recycling site.Nature & Sci., 10(10):42-47. Gatlin DM & Wilson RP 1983. Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling channel catfish.J. Nutr., 113: 630–635. Hacking, WC, Mitchell, WR & Carlson, HC (1978). Sources of salmonella in Ontariofeed mill. Canadian J. Comparative Medicine, 4299(4): 392–399. Heuze V & Tran G 2013. Blood Meal. Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZandFAO. http://www.feedipedia.org/node/221. Last updated on August 19, 2013,15:07. Jon CV 1980. Analytical Absorption Spectroscopy. Academic press Toronto - Canada, pp. 159–189. Kanazawa A, Teshima S & Sasaki M 1984. Requirements of the juvenile prawn forcalcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, copper, manganese, and iron.Mem.Fac.Fish.Kagoshima Univ., 33:63–71. Maiga HA, Schingoethe DJ & Henson JE 1996. Ruminal degration, amino acid compositionand intestinal digestibility of the residual components of five protein supplements.J. Dairy Sci., 79:1647–1653. Marichal MDJ, Carriquiry R, Pereda R & Martin S 2000. Proteinintestinaldigestibility ofblood meals: comparison of two processing methods. Degradability and Animal FeedSci.&Tech.,88(2): 91–101. McDonald P, Edwards J &Greenhalgh FD 1992. Animal Nutrition. 4thEdn. NewYork:John Wiley and Sons. Inc., pp. 455-483. Mielcarz GW, Howard AN, Williams NR, Kinsman GD, Moriguchi Y, Mizushima S&Yamori, Y 1997. Copper and zinc status as a riskfactor for ischemic heart disease: A comparison between Japanese in Brazil and Okinawa. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med.,10:29-35. National Research Council, 1989.Recommended Dietary Allowances. National Academy Press, Washington DC, p. 10. National Research Council 1994. Nutrient Requirement for Poultry. National Academy Press, Washington DC, p. 9. Nair M, Balachandran KK,SankarnarayanVN & Joseph TI 1997. Heavy metals in fishes from coastal waters of Cochin, southwest coast of India. Int.J.Marine Sci. 26:98-100. Omoniyi KI,EkwumemgboPA,OrunmuyiM &Yerima EA2013. An assessment ofthe effectof processing on the proximate constituents of blood meal sourced from cattleand goat in Zaria, Nigeria. J. Advances in Bio.,2(1): 109-114. Osborne CG, Mctyrc RB, Duek J, Roche K, Scheuplein R, Silverstein B, Winberg MS &Salkeld AA 1996. Evidence for the relationship of calcium on blood pressure.NutritionalReview, 54: 365-381. Peisker M 2008. Feed processing-impacts on nutritive value and hygienic status in broiler feeds. Zootecnica Int. World Poultry J.,1(1):2-12. Pietzsch O 1985. Central Library of Bacteriology and Hygiene, 180: 282-298. Proctor A & Meullenet JF1998. Sampling and sampling preparation. In: S.S. Nielsen, 2nd edition. Food AnalysisGaithersburg, Maryland, USA: Aspen Publications,pp. 71–82. Shills MYG & Young VR 1992. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. In: Brown WC, Publishers, Dubuque, USA, pp. 276-282. Tabinda K, Sohail HK & Noor NA 2007. Effect of different levels of blood meal onbroilerperformance during second phase of growth. International Journal of Poultry Science ,6(12): 860–865. Vyas D & Chandra RK 1984. Iron Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood, Nestle Nutrition Edition,pp. 21-25. Wilson KJ, Beyer RS, Froetschner JR & Behnke KC 1998. Effect of processing onbroilersperformance. Poultry Sci.,77(1):41. Zewel MB 1977. Dietary pattern and hypertension. The DASH study. Nutritional Review, 55: 303-305.